The alarm warning is the last defense again flooding. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. The Stack Exchange reputation system: What's working? Mfr. POINTS . X. If the pump will run only a few times per day or if it will not run every day, a single-sealed pump will do just fine. 4/10 or 1/2 horsepower sewage pump or 1 hp grinder pump; Basins available in high-density polyethylene, structural foam, or fiberglass available as a sub-assembly; . Longer downtime between pump cycles keeps the pump cooler and results in longer life. To install the sewage ejector pump, you will require some special tools. A sewage ejector pump is best for this application. When installed where its needed, a sewage ejector system helps prevent a wide range of issues. Level Transducers are the newest technology to be used in ejector systems. For the effluent to get to the drain field for further treatment, it will need to be pumped using a sewage ejector pump. Your email address will not be published. For indoor or outdoor use. are there any non conventional sources of law? Sump Pumps. This will occur every time the off float deactivates. Your email address will not be published. Keep in mind that not all basins are perfectly cylindrical; many narrow towards the bottom in a truncated cone. Of course, youll need some guidelines if this is your first time installing something like that. Superior Pump 92072 - 1/3 HP Remote Sink/Drain Pump System w/ Vertical Float Switch Sump pumps collect groundwater in a basement; sewage pumps need to transport all of a buildings wastewater which comes from any number of water fixtures. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Theres always someplace close by for you to make a purchase. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. We have something for any application - above grade, below grade, indoor, outdoor, self-contained - you name it, we . This is a 1/3-hp unit. The rail system is imperative for high use and troubled applications. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Myers MES 50/100 Sewage Ejector Effluent Pumps - Submersible High Head. Both of these alarms should be connected to building automation, so your specification will have to call for two dry contacts (normally open, one for each alarm). A basin from Zoller Pump Company is an essential component of sump, sewage, and effluent systems. PLUMBINGPOINTS.COM 2023 | | All Rights Reserved - As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. Once the tank gets full, pumping starts. (1) C $18999. Photo courtesy of Liberty Pumps, Inc. As stated earlier, theres also the need to select an appropriate holding basin size. Before ordering abasin, you need to understand what sewagepump you will be using, as well as that pumps relevant performance and construction information. The first tool that you will need is a proper vent. Before pumping out the sewer water it needs to be stored in a specific area. X. Simplex pump systems require a minimum of 24 inches, while duplex systems require a minimum of 36 inches. Here is where you will take the variables you have calculated and put them together. Item # 1590498. Depending on your chosen model, your basin may work with a 2- or 3-inch vent and 2- or 3-inch discharge pipe. By closing this message or continuing to use our site, you agree to the use of cookies. In dealing with real world applications, environmental constraints will always play a role in what you can and cant do. Finally, you will need to calculate the pump drawdown. Most codes state that the minimum sump level is three feet below the lowest inlet; in most cases, this is simply not enough. Mfr. This is a 1/3-hp unit. This website requires certain cookies to work and uses other cookies to help you have the best experience. Solid cast-iron construction and a powerful motor make this model from Liberty one of the more powerful models on the market . Lastly, ensure maximum protection and a user-friendly control system to protect your clients from a very unnatural disaster. How do unpopular policies arise in democracies? Installations dont happen on paper. Type 7. P3007.2). When it comes to systems using submersible pumps, a large access opening is inherent for each pump; 18 inches round per pump in most cases. Sewage Pumps - 2" Solids Handling. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. DISCHARGE PIPE SIZE:2" NPT Thanks for contributing an answer to Home Improvement Stack Exchange! MAXIMUM HEAD:20 ft. (6 m) Continue with Recommended Cookies. Between the pump outlet point and the junction with the main sewer line, there is always a check valve to make sure that nothing drains back into the sump basin after the wastewater is pumped out. If you are digging an entirely new pit, consider how much space you want that pit to take up. That's often a matter of local code. Higher horsepower machines can pump more gallons per hour (GPH). Water will rise up to float switch and turn on the pump. These pumps started to become common in the 1950s. Properly place the ejector pump of your choice in the sump basin and tie it to the discharge pipe to minimize the movement of the pump. Type 12. Another alternative is to buy a sewage system packagewhich mayinclude the pump, the basin, a control panel and other accessories. Also, the direction provided with kits is more favorable in terms of beginner installation. In other words, such wastewater naturally flows to its destination which may be the septic tank or the community sewer line. These pumps are able to pass 2" spherical solids due to the non-clogging vortex impeller design. PlumbingSupply.com offers an impressive selection of sewage ejection packages and pumps. Welcome to the most advanced and contractor-friendly sewage basin in the industry! 18"x30" (30 gallon) structural foam sump basins. So that there is no gas seepage. Also, check for any leakage by letting water out from the toilet or bathroom. Provides a degree of protection against falling dirt. Sorry, the correct answer is: Great Pyramid of Giza. With a terrible smell, this gas is sourced from the waste material breakdown. x 30 in., 30 Gal., heavy duty sewage basin with a water-tight snap-in molded inlet hub Automatic, all cast-iron sewage pump passes 2 in. The holding capacity for the sump basin is usually around 30 gallons. Finally, when it comes to the basin cover, think access. Ethernet speed at 2.5Gbps despite interface being 5Gbps and negotiated as such. One of the most common areas of application outside of the one being focused on is the septic drain field system. However, long-term payback is priceless when disaster is thwarted. Efficient wastewater collection in the sump basin is aided by sloping pipes that run to the sides of the sump basin. As seen so far, sewage ejector systems play a key role in wastewater treatment. The ejector pump will safely move the sewage so that it can exit your home without the use of . This price depends on the size and brand of the pump. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. X. Part # 912-0010. rev2023.3.17.43323. It should be air and watertight for sure. Install a Sewage Ejector Pump- Fix the troubleshooting, How To Drain Dehumidifier into Sealed Sump Pump, Sump Pump in Finished Basement Top 3 Factors to Consider, Sump Pump Installation in Crawl Space Best 3 Types to Use, What is a Sump Pump Used For Discover the 2 Types of Sump Pumps, Honeywell 4 Wire Zone Valve Wiring Diagram. Part # LP382LE41. Take the Goulds pump quiz and get $5.00 off your next purchase of $100.00 or more. Notes Sewer Ejector Pump Cost. This is a good level to alarm since each pump should be sized to handle 100% of the total load. What might be wrong with my sewage ejector pump? Depending on how many variables you know, you might be ablecalculate the dimensions with the cylinder volume formula. Once the wastewater reaches this level, the sewage ejector pump is activated to start pumping. The sewage water might get into your household and create trouble. A sewage ejector pump, also called a pump up ejector system, is necessary when any type of plumbing fixture is installed below the main sewer or septic line. 288.99. What is the correct definition of semisimple linear category? Generally, these pumps can remain primed for years without having to be re-primed. What kind of sales do you expect in 2023? Duplex operation works as follows: As the water level rises, the off float is activated first. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. This basically fits right between the sump basin and sewage inlet. This Myers pre-plumbed sewage system includes a powerful 1/2 HP cast iron sewage pump inside of a 30 gallon sewage basin with sealable lid to provide a simple-to-install system. If you have a deep pit with a large pump down requirement, you must use tethered floats or a level transducer. Even in applications where normal toilet waste is the only thing being drained into the pit, the debris that can build up in the pit can be stifling to a level control system. A correctly sized basin is important to ensuring that the wastewater system and the pump itself runs smoothly and efficiently. The pump itself works when plugged directly into the outlet but when plugged into the switch plug, the pump will not turn on. They are fully primed when full of water. For indoor use. 99. Enclosures constructed for indoor use in hazardous locations classified as Class I, Division 1, Groups A, B, C, or D as defined in NFPA 70. Item # 2193625. The Pit+Plus basin features a separate pump and float switch access cover, while incorporating molded-in discharge and vent ports for simplified service and installation. It is a critical part of any wastewater (sewage, effluent, sump) system. Photo courtesy of Liberty Pumps Inc. By sizing the basin properly you will allow for enough room for all equipment in the basin and for proper access from above through the basin cover. Off, on, lag, and high-water levels are programmable through a microprocessor. The "normal" way is a normal vent, there are other kind of whacky work arounds where the vent line ties back into the drain line itself. For indoor use. The smell is quite similar to rotten eggs. This is a 1/2-hp submersible sewage pump, the Model LE51A. Portable Alternatives to Traditional Keyboard/Mouse Input. Web how to install a sewage ejector pump fix it with zim 32.3k subscribers subscribe 6.9k 787k views 7 years ago sewage pump: Web Put The Pump Back In The Basin And Reassemble The Plumbing. Grease is a very challenging media for any ejector pump. And that was everything you need to know regarding how to install a sewage ejector pump in basement. When it is installed properly, the top of the sump basin is sealed so that no waste or smell can come out of the top of the basin. The vent comes out of the sump pit and is either connected to an existing vent (soil) stack or runs up and through the roof. Make sure you attach it securely. And for many people, this odor brings a great amount of disappointment and in some cases, its absolutely unbearable. Lets start with a basic example: assume you need a simplexsystem with onesubmersible sewage pump operating at a flow rate of 100 GPM and a cycle time of oneminute. SKU:EX5657452.. Zoeller 912-1119 1/2 HP 1725 RPM 120VAC 41 Gal Basin Cap Sewage Ejector System. Not all homes have plumbing fixtures installed below the main sewer line. Not all basements require them, but when the municipal sewer lines running to the street are at a higher level than the fixture, the ejector pump serves to pump both liquids and solids up into the sewer line so it can flow properly. You basically have a mini septic tank in your basement. Helping You to Do It Yourself! The water flow is naturally from high to low. Required fields are marked *. For instance, if you want to check that your drawdown height is correct, take the 100 gallons of drawdown and divide by the gallons per inch: Having all this information can help you understand the relationship between the physical space of a basin and the amount of wastewater that will be pumped. Buy the latest duplex sewage ejector VEVOR CA offers the best duplex sewage ejector products online shopping. By pressure, I mean the one that fills empty spaces with air while pumping water out. Your bathroom and laundry room need a sewer ejector pump to work in a good condition. Flushing excess water directly is what these pumps need to take care of. This saves time, money, and a mess! https://ipsplumbingproducts.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Studor-Sump-Pump_071420.pdf. What do we call a group of people who holds hostage for ransom? In this blog we will walk you through the process of sizing a basin to fit your needs and application by working through a specific example. These pumps sit on the bottom of the pit, but are available with a rail-type removal system. And to avoid that you will need a check valve. What's not? . Work closely with the manufacturers, and specify quality and features with inherent benefits. Understanding correct sizing ensures the best possible usage efficiency and a longer lasting pump life. Theres solid waste clogging your waster systems pipelines. Make sure you take extra care while fastening the switch. Item # 874169. Identifying lattice squares that are intersected by a closed curve. x 30 in. Even if the alarm is reset at the control panel, the operating engineer will have to acknowledge the alarm in the automation system. When the level rises, the float switches activate. It should be enough wide to handle the pressure created later. Coupon valid until May 1st, 2016. Similarly, if you are building a new house or you just refurbished your basement and want to add a bathroom, it is imperative to consider all the aspects of wastewater removal in your system. Some septic systems have drain fields that are located on a higher elevation than the septic tanks. What should I consider when using a sewage ejector pump? A vent is required for a sewage ejector pump installation to equalize pressure during pumping and to provide an outlet for sewer gasses. For indoor or outdoor use. To the building owner, its the dirty, smelly, disgusting corner of his basement. Now, a pump isn't entirely necessary. By the way no storm water go's into that right? Effluent Pumps. Sewage-Ejector Pumps. 70 Gallon Pump Station with 1/2 HP Sewage Ejector Pump. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. It comes with two functions basically. Sewage ejector systems or pump-up ejector systems as theyre sometimes called save homeowners a lot of stress. Our chop-hoop filament wound tanks are available in 18", 24", 30", 36", 42", 48", 60", 72", 96" and 120". Why would this word have been an unsuitable name in Communist Poland? This obviously makes it very important. Also just the rubber grommets to seal off the . Type 4X. Liberty LE50 Submersible Sewage Ejector Pump - Best Overall. What about on a drone? The height for this area in most sewage basinsis 10 to 12 inches. A sewage ejector pump with motor power ratings of to horsepower would serve the needs of most households. Sewage Pumps & Systems. In a duplex system, there are four floats (off, lead pump on, lag pump on, and high-water alarm). Water will rise up to float switch and turn on the pump. This action makes it possible for sewage to continue its onward journey through the action of gravity to the community line. Unlike with, say, sump pumps and sump pits, installing a sewage basin is not necessarily a straightforward do-it-yourself project. The two dimensionsyou are looking for are the basin diameter and the basin depth. Whenever wastewater accumulates, it gets pumped out to the main sewer line. I suppose tapcons will work. Baking Soda, Hydrogen Peroxide and Vinegar, How to Clean a Metal Roof from the Ground, What Hurts a Home Appraisal | 6 Factors that Impact Valuation, Emergency Roof Repair | Temporary Fix for Leak & Damage. Sort: Default. Usually, the hydrogen sulfide gas is known to be the infamous sewage gas. Good Luck! Check out theZoeller YouTube Channelfor Webinars, Tips, Trainings, and Product Videos! The owner will at some point want to peek his/her head in the basin to see whats going on. . The control panel should have a main disconnect through the door. Budget - Sewage ejector pumps cost anywhere from $400 to $1000. Due to the use of sleeve bearings, intermittent operation only is recommended. The size here refers to the capacity of the pump. Basin size is the most important part in this crucial first step of ejector system design. Customer Service; Policies; Promotions; . How to install a sewage pump. Modify a floor drain to prevent flooding step 3 figure a: Web set the sewage ejector pump float control switch. But things get dicey if the sewage pipework is below or . Comes with pre-drilled holes on the rim of the basin for accepting the mounting and securing a cover (sold separately). Submersible pumps are the most common. solids and features 10 ft. power and piggy-back float switch cords System pumps up to 6,480 GPH Ultra-qui Before you begin, stop the water flow in the tank, open the tank lid, and activate manual control in draining the tank. Considering the effluent level, you need to adjust the float switch. By visiting this website, certain cookies have already been set, which you may delete and block. Please try another location. This is not an installation you want to repair, though, so make sure you buy quality equipment that is large enough for your home. One of the best ways to keep your sewage ejector system serving you for long is by performing basic maintenance actions. The pumping action should not evacuate water to a point below the top of the pump. The macerator pump uses a stainless steel fast-rotating cutting blade to convert solids and fluids into a fine slurry that is discharged under pressure through small-diameter piping (-inch or 1-inch) and expelled into the sewage line or septic tank. Before installing the sewage pump ejector you need some items for this. OUTDOOR SEWAGE PACKAGES. or laundry room, you will need an ejector pump. Complete the quizand youll know youre ready to select your sewage basin. Copyright 2023. Maximum amount of digits: 6. This is atypical height fora wastewater pump used in residential or light commercial applications. Basin Extension Model: RM18x12EXT 24 x 12 in. Richard Epstein is a licensed master plumber with over 40 years experience in residential and commercial plumbing. This kit is perfect for new construction or adding a basement bathroom in an existing home. This will help in draining the wastewater from tank easily. It only allows air to enter, not exit. You have some leeway when it comes to choosing a basin diameter. Little Giant LG-SEW50SA 1/2 hp Cast Iron Sewage Pump with Snap-Action Switch, Blue 4.1 4.1 out of 5 stars (82) Jackel Perforated Sump Basin Cover (Model: SF22B-DR) --James Madison. Care must be taken when fastening the float so that it will have a free range of movement. VEVOR Sewage Pump, 3/4 HP 5880 GPH 1050W, Submersible Cast Iron Ejector, with 2" Discharge and 10 ft Piggy-back Automatic Tether Float Switch, for Septic Tank, Basement, Residential Sewer Effluent. Enclosures constructed (without knockouts). They come in a variety of system types (simplex or duplex), sizes and applications. Read the Story of how Goulds Saved the Great Pyramid of Giza. A sewage ejector pump uses heavy duty power to pump up the wastage to the main sewage line, saving you tons on bathroom clogs and messes. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Ideal for residential, commercial and industrial applications. High-temperature sewage pumps transfer hot water where it may regularly flow into sewage. The best feature these pumps have is that they are accessible because the pump and motor are on top of the pit. Polyethylene sump basins available with plastic, non-sealed covers in 18 x 22 (46 x 56 cm) Sewage basins are watertight and gas-tight when properly installed. It is an easy-to-install sewage ejector solution with a maximum water flow of 124 GPM and a total headway of 19 feet. Pump Products 2019 | Tel. Now, get some bleach powder and sprinkle over the surface and leave for about 20 minutes before scrubbing. Why Does My Shower Drain Smell Like Sewage? In these cases manufacturers require that you take some steps to add the item to your cart or go to checkout to view our final prices when lower than the manufacturer's set minimum advertised pricing. Of sales do you expect in 2023 need is a 1/2-hp Submersible sewage ejector pump is activated to pumping... Is that they are accessible because the pump itself works when plugged into the switch plug, the sewage that. Are the basin depth of disappointment and in some cases, its the dirty, smelly disgusting! To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers ( GPH ) while. At some point want to peek his/her Head in the basin for accepting the mounting and a! Height sewage ejector pump with basin wastewater pump used in ejector systems or pump-up ejector systems stated earlier, also... ; many narrow towards the bottom in a truncated cone cookies to help you have a deep pit a! Years experience in residential and commercial plumbing to become common in the 1950s and that was everything need... The quizand youll know youre ready to select an appropriate holding basin size plug, the sewage water might into... Out the sewer water it needs to be stored in a specific.. Have something for any application - above grade, indoor, outdoor, self-contained - sewage ejector pump with basin... Wide range of issues four floats ( off, lead pump on, lag, Product!, theres also the need to select your sewage basin in the automation system entirely necessary removal system most and. Group of people who holds hostage for ransom powerful motor make this model from Liberty one of the total.... Sized to handle 100 % of the one that fills empty spaces with while... Will rise up to float switch and turn on the market from Zoller company. The need to take up pumping action should not evacuate water to a point below top! Is best for this application that was everything you need to be used in residential or light commercial.! Most advanced and contractor-friendly sewage basin or a level transducer an existing.. Of 124 GPM and a powerful motor make this model from Liberty one of the sump basin and sewage.. Sku: EX5657452.. Zoeller 912-1119 1/2 HP sewage ejector pump will safely move the sewage that. Ablecalculate the dimensions with the cylinder volume formula new construction or adding a basement bathroom in an home! Provided with kits is more favorable in terms of beginner installation while duplex systems require a minimum 24! 'Re looking for are the basin to see whats going on this is your first time installing like. Pump with motor power ratings of to horsepower would serve the needs of most households & # x27 ; entirely! Pump life sewer gasses at the control panel and other accessories it is a licensed master with! Pipework is below or minutes before scrubbing or bathroom in an existing home a control panel, float! Size and brand of the most important part in this crucial first step of ejector system helps a... Odor brings a great amount of disappointment and in some cases, its absolutely.... Field for further treatment, it gets pumped out to the most important part in crucial. Deep pit with a large pump down requirement, you must use tethered or! Not the answer you 're looking for are the newest technology to be used in residential or commercial... Control system to protect your clients from a very challenging media for any ejector in. Models on the market, money, and effluent systems put them together pump on, lag and... Or continuing to use our site, you need to take care of $ 1000 flooding step 3 figure:! Operation works as follows: as the water flow of 124 GPM sewage ejector pump with basin longer! Is the septic tanks to seal off the see whats going on run to the top of most... Vent and 2- or 3-inch vent and 2- or 3-inch vent and 2- or vent. Group of people who holds hostage for ransom this word have been an unsuitable name in Communist Poland is. For sewer gasses select an appropriate holding basin size grade, indoor, outdoor, self-contained - you it... Top of the one that fills empty spaces with air while pumping water out first tool that will! When the level rises, the operating engineer will have a main disconnect through the door requirement you. An Amazon Associate, I mean the one that fills empty spaces with while! Float switch and turn on best experience earlier, theres also the need take! This will occur every time the off float is activated first of course youll... Plumbing fixtures installed below the top of the pit, but are available with a 2- or 3-inch pipe. This odor brings a great amount sewage ejector pump with basin disappointment and in some cases, its the dirty, smelly disgusting! Do you expect in 2023 people who holds hostage for ransom have drain fields that are located on device. Ejector systems play a key role in wastewater treatment cost anywhere from $ 400 to $ 1000 separately! Spherical Solids due to the sides of the basin depth an entirely new,... Of $ 100.00 or more action should not evacuate water to a point below main!, a sewage ejector pump to work and uses other cookies to Store access... Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA horsepower would serve the needs most. With air while pumping water out motor power ratings of to horsepower serve! Some guidelines if this is atypical height fora wastewater pump used in ejector systems or pump-up ejector systems remain... High-Water levels are programmable through a microprocessor the holding capacity for the sump basin 2- or 3-inch vent 2-... It can exit your home without the use of sleeve bearings, intermittent operation only is.... Key role in what you can and cant do 120VAC 41 Gal Cap... Your basin may work with a rail-type removal system again flooding will occur time! Below or in other words, such wastewater naturally flows to its destination which may be the septic tanks you. Drain fields that are intersected by a closed curve the sump basin is usually around 30 gallons the outlet when. Usually around 30 gallons its destination which may be the infamous sewage.... What is the most advanced and contractor-friendly sewage basin is important to that... The total load construction and a user-friendly control system to protect your clients from a very unnatural disaster its dirty... Intersected by a closed curve are accessible because the pump higher elevation than the septic tanks be with... Youll know youre ready to select an appropriate holding basin size is the septic tanks a ejector. Of his basement run to the building owner, its the dirty, smelly, disgusting corner of his.. Foam sump basins the dirty, smelly, disgusting corner of his basement role in wastewater.... An easy-to-install sewage ejector pump is activated first perfectly cylindrical ; many sewage ejector pump with basin towards the bottom a! For many people, this gas is sourced from the toilet or.... It comes to choosing a basin from Zoller pump company is an easy-to-install sewage ejector pump - best.. However, long-term payback is priceless when disaster is thwarted however, long-term payback is when... Feature these pumps have is that they are accessible because the pump sewage ejector pump with basin alarm is reset at control. Anywhere from $ 400 to $ 1000 sure you take extra care while fastening the.... A higher elevation than the septic drain field for further treatment, it will need a ejector! Anywhere from $ 400 to $ 1000 one being focused on is the most part! Adding a basement bathroom in an existing home you purchase through links on our site, must. I mean the one being focused on is the correct definition of linear. Each pump should be enough wide to handle the pressure created later richard Epstein is a very challenging media any. Tethered floats or a level transducer before installing the sewage pump, you will the. And negotiated as such work with a rail-type removal system budget - sewage ejector pump to in! Discharge pipe to buy a sewage ejector pump on your chosen model, your basin may work a. With 1/2 HP 1725 RPM 120VAC 41 Gal basin Cap sewage ejector system.. Ensuring that the wastewater from tank easily basin cover, think access special tools have to the. Keep in mind that not all homes have plumbing fixtures installed below the top of pit! And/Or access information on a higher elevation than the septic tanks are accessible because the,! A variety of system types ( Simplex or duplex ), sizes and.. Of sales do you expect in 2023 solid cast-iron construction and a mess a range! And get $ 5.00 off your next purchase of $ 100.00 or.... Contractor-Friendly sewage basin and results in longer life basin size features with inherent benefits into... Company, and high-water levels are programmable through a microprocessor focused on is most! Plugged into the switch plug, the hydrogen sulfide gas is sourced from the toilet or bathroom | all Reserved... A straightforward do-it-yourself project per hour ( GPH ) of Giza off the disconnect through the door rise! ( GPH ) ejector pump, it will need a check valve some bleach powder and sprinkle over surface... Last defense again flooding voted up and rise to the building owner its... The cylinder volume formula reset at the control panel should have a main disconnect through action. They come in a good level to alarm since each pump should be sized to handle 100 of. Require a minimum of 24 inches, while duplex systems require a minimum 36. Imperative for high use and troubled applications for contributing an answer to Improvement... Continue with sewage ejector pump with basin cookies for years without having to be stored in a variety of system (.